Since the moment humanity began abstract thinking, time has remained one of the most complex mysteries. We can recall the past, experience the present, and predict the future, but we have no experience of time flowing backward. Glass shattered into pieces cannot restore itself, people do not become younger, and days do not return. This one-way flow of time is known as the "arrow of time."
However, physicists studying the equations that describe the behavior of elementary particles—whether they are equations of classical mechanics, electromagnetism, or quantum theory—often find that they operate in both forward and backward directions. The question remains: why is our perception of time so distinctly one-sided? Thermodynamics provides the most common answer. In the 19th century, scientist Ludwig Boltzmann linked the direction of time to the concept of entropy, which reflects the degree of disorder in a system. According to the second law of thermodynamics, in an isolated system, entropy tends to increase over time, explaining why ice melts, gases expand, and complex structures decay rather than self-organize.
Although entropy explains many irreversible processes, it does not provide a definitive answer to the question of the direction of the arrow of time. The fundamental laws at the microscopic level allow for the movement of time in both directions. Scientists from Hainan University have proposed a new theoretical model that sheds light on this issue, as reported by SCMP.
The study focuses on phenomena at the quantum level. The direction of time, the authors argue, may naturally arise from the internal evolution of quantum systems. These systems do not exist in isolation; they interact, exchange information, and correlate with one another. As correlations accumulate, it becomes increasingly difficult to reverse the evolution of the system, even if the equations allow for it.
Thus, irreversibility arises not from external factors but from the very structure and dynamics of the system. When quantum components interact, information about their previous states dissipates and becomes inaccessible, creating a natural sense of sequence of "before" and "after," forming the arrow of time.
The new concept does not refute thermodynamics or the general theory of relativity; rather, it complements them. Entropy continues to play an important role on large scales, while the general theory of relativity describes the behavior of time under conditions of high speeds and strong gravitational fields. The proposed theory also helps bridge the gap between microscopic laws and macroscopic experience.
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