As we age, bones lose density and become vulnerable. Mesenchymal stem cells play an important role in this process, as they can differentiate into both bone tissue and fat cells. A lack of physical activity leads these cells to more frequently turn into fat cells, which, in turn, contributes to the weakening and degradation of bones.
In experiments on mice and using human stem cells, researchers found that the protein Piezo1, located on the surface of mesenchymal stem cells, responds to mechanical stimuli that occur during movement. Its activation helps reduce fat accumulation in the bone marrow and stimulates the formation of new bone tissue. In the absence of or with inactive Piezo1, the reverse process occurs: the formation of fat cells increases and the loss of bone mass accelerates. Moreover, pro-inflammatory signals are activated, which hinder the recovery of bone tissue. Blocking these signals may restore the cells' ability to form healthy bone material.
Professor Xu Aimin, the head of the study, noted that his team has effectively uncovered the molecular mechanisms by which the body uses movement to strengthen bones. This could pave the way for the creation of drugs that activate the Piezo1 mechanism, allowing the body to "trick" itself and mimic physical exercise without actual strain.
The problem of bone mass loss is particularly relevant for the elderly and patients with limited mobility, with women being affected more often. According to the World Health Organization, one in three women and one in five men over the age of 50 experience fractures related to bone weakness. In Hong Kong, osteoporosis is observed in 45% of women and 13% of men aged 65 and older.
Scientists believe that drugs mimicking physical activity could be an important step in treating osteoporosis in the elderly, bedridden patients, and those with chronic diseases. Currently, the team is exploring the possibility of applying their findings in clinical practice and developing new approaches to preserving bone mass and improving the quality of life for vulnerable populations.
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