During the study, scientists examined blood composition by measuring thousands of proteins, fats, metabolites, and trace elements in red blood cells and plasma. The results were quite surprising for the researchers, as reported by Studyfinds.
Red blood cells, lacking a nucleus and the ability to self-repair, become vulnerable: damaged cells can either continue to function or be disposed of by the spleen. After a 100 km run, there is a significant increase in the levels of bilirubin and hypoxanthine in the blood, indicating active destruction of red blood cells. At the same time, such an effect is not observed after a 40-kilometer distance.
Although the physical impact on cells when the foot strikes the ground has long been known as a cause of their death, this study showed that the main factors are inflammation and oxidative stress. Lipids in cell membranes are oxidized, and proteins inside lose their functionality, leading to a loss of elasticity and the ability to pass through capillaries and the spleen.
Additionally, the level of copper in the blood significantly increases after an ultramarathon, which correlates with the loss of elasticity of red blood cells. Copper negatively affects cell membranes and is likely released from antioxidant enzymes that cannot cope with the increased load.
The most striking discovery was the similarity between the aging processes of donor blood and that of runners. In the case of donor blood, the aging process can be explained by the oxidation of proteins and fats, loss of elasticity, and increased likelihood of disposal. Runners essentially accelerate this process in their cells in just one day, which is equivalent to several weeks of storage. Scientists hope to use the data obtained to develop methods for extending the shelf life of donor blood.
For athletes, the results of the study suggest what to pay attention to. For example, the level of vitamin B5 decreases during the recovery of membranes, while carnitine is activated to repair cells after long distances.
