According to a new report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), humanity is rapidly approaching an "ecological point of no return." However, experts believe there is a chance to change the current course if large-scale changes occur in key systems such as the economy and food.
In the document titled "Global Environmental Outlook, Seventh Edition: The Future We Choose," it is emphasized that the deterioration of the environment already threatens public health, the resilience of economies, and the future of the planet. However, the authors of the report are confident that decisive action can avert the worst consequences.
UNEP identifies five interconnected systems that require transformation:
financial and economic;
energy;
food;
waste and materials management;
environmental governance.
According to experts' forecasts, reforms by 2050 could help prevent up to 9 million premature deaths, improve the lives of 100 million people, and reduce the number of undernourished individuals by 200 million.
"Changing these five systems will require the united efforts of society and the state on a scale that the world has never seen, but it is absolutely necessary to create a more just and sustainable planet," noted Maarten Kappelle, head of UNEP's science department.
According to information from the UN News Service, the report recommends moving away from a narrow focus on gross domestic product (GDP) and concentrating on the real value of natural resources, which can be achieved through accounting for natural capital. This will allow countries to make decisions that are beneficial for both the economy and ecology, as GDP does not account for important aspects, including the long-term consequences of environmental degradation.
The authors of the report propose redistributing $1.5 trillion in annual subsidies that harm ecosystems, particularly in the energy, agriculture, and mining sectors.
Circularity—reuse, recycling, and repair—should take a prominent place in this transformation. The report also emphasizes the need for investment in clean technologies and the encouragement of responsible citizen behavior, as well as holding businesses accountable for environmental damage.
The report also highlights that over 80% of the world's energy is still produced from fossil fuels, necessitating rapid development of renewable sources and increased energy efficiency.
In the context of a "triple planetary crisis"—climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss—protecting and restoring ecosystems must become a priority. The report calls for expanding protected areas, implementing nature-based solutions, and ensuring fair management of common resources.
Additionally, the report examines the consequences of maintaining traditional development models. Since 1990, greenhouse gas emissions have been increasing by 1.5% per year, reaching record levels in 2024, leading to rising global temperatures and exacerbating the impacts of climate change. Losses from extreme weather events related to climate change are estimated at about $143 billion annually over the past 20 years.
It is estimated that between 20% and 40% of land resources on the planet have been degraded, affecting more than 3 billion people. Of the 8 million species, about 1 million are at risk of extinction.
Every year, 9 million people die due to various forms of environmental pollution. In 2019, economic losses associated with air pollution amounted to about $8.1 trillion, equivalent to 6.1% of global GDP.
According to forecasts, the state of the environment will significantly worsen if humanity continues to develop the economy along old patterns. If no action is taken, by the early 2030s, the average global temperature is likely to exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels, and in the 2040s, it may reach 2 degrees and continue to rise.
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